Computing and visualizing PCA in R (2024)

Following my introduction to PCA, I will demonstrate how to apply and visualize PCA in R. There are many packages and functions that can apply PCA in R. In this post I will use the function prcomp from the stats package. I will also show how to visualize PCA in R using Base R graphics. However, my favorite visualization function for PCA is ggbiplot, which is implemented by Vince Q. Vu and available on github. Please, let me know if you have better ways to visualize PCA in R.

Computing the Principal Components (PC)

I will use the classical iris dataset for the demonstration. The data contain four continuous variables which corresponds to physical measures of flowers and a categorical variable describing the flowers’ species.

# Load datadata(iris)head(iris, 3) Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width Species1 5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2 setosa2 4.9 3.0 1.4 0.2 setosa3 4.7 3.2 1.3 0.2 setosa

We will apply PCA to the four continuous variables and use the categorical variable to visualize the PCs later. Notice that in the following code we apply a log transformation to the continuous variables as suggested by [1] and set center and scale. equal to TRUE in the call to prcomp to standardize the variables prior to the application of PCA:

# log transform log.ir <- log(iris[, 1:4])ir.species <- iris[, 5]# apply PCA - scale. = TRUE is highly # advisable, but default is FALSE. ir.pca <- prcomp(log.ir, center = TRUE, scale. = TRUE) 

Since skewness and the magnitude of the variables influence the resulting PCs, it is good practice to apply skewness transformation, center and scale the variables prior to the application of PCA. In the example above, we applied a log transformation to the variables but we could have been more general and applied a Box and Cox transformation [2]. See at the end of this post how to perform all those transformations and then apply PCA with only one call to the preProcess function of the caret package.

Analyzing the results

The prcomp function returns an object of class prcomp, which have some methods available. The print method returns the standard deviation of each of the four PCs, and their rotation (or loadings), which are the coefficients of the linear combinations of the continuous variables.

# print methodprint(ir.pca)Standard deviations:[1] 1.7124583 0.9523797 0.3647029 0.1656840Rotation: PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4Sepal.Length 0.5038236 -0.45499872 0.7088547 0.19147575Sepal.Width -0.3023682 -0.88914419 -0.3311628 -0.09125405Petal.Length 0.5767881 -0.03378802 -0.2192793 -0.78618732Petal.Width 0.5674952 -0.03545628 -0.5829003 0.58044745

The plot method returns a plot of the variances (y-axis) associated with the PCs (x-axis). The Figure below is useful to decide how many PCs to retain for further analysis. In this simple case with only 4 PCs this is not a hard task and we can see that the first two PCs explain most of the variability in the data.

# plot methodplot(ir.pca, type = "l")

The summary method describe the importance of the PCs. The first row describe again the standard deviation associated with each PC. The second row shows the proportion of the variance in the data explained by each component while the third row describe the cumulative proportion of explained variance. We can see there that the first two PCs accounts for more than of the variance of the data.

# summary methodsummary(ir.pca)Importance of components: PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4Standard deviation 1.7125 0.9524 0.36470 0.16568Proportion of Variance 0.7331 0.2268 0.03325 0.00686Cumulative Proportion 0.7331 0.9599 0.99314 1.00000

We can use the predict function if we observe new data and want to predict their PCs values. Just for illustration pretend the last two rows of the iris data has just arrived and we want to see what is their PCs values:

# Predict PCspredict(ir.pca, newdata=tail(log.ir, 2)) PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4149 1.0809930 -1.01155751 -0.7082289 -0.06811063150 0.9712116 -0.06158655 -0.5008674 -0.12411524

The Figure below is a biplot generated by the function ggbiplot of the ggbiplot package available on github.

The code to generate this Figure is given by

library(devtools)install_github("ggbiplot", "vqv")library(ggbiplot)g <- ggbiplot(ir.pca, obs.scale = 1, var.scale = 1, groups = ir.species, ellipse = TRUE, circle = TRUE)g <- g + scale_color_discrete(name = '')g <- g + theme(legend.direction = 'horizontal', legend.position = 'top')print(g)

It projects the data on the first two PCs. Other PCs can be chosen through the argument choices of the function. It colors each point according to the flowers’ species and draws a Normal contour line with ellipse.prob probability (default to ) for each group. More info about ggbiplot can be obtained by the usual ?ggbiplot. I think you will agree that the plot produced by ggbiplot is much better than the one produced by biplot(ir.pca) (Figure below).

I also like to plot each variables coefficients inside a unit circle to get insight on a possible interpretation for PCs. Figure 4 was generated by this code available on gist.

PCA on caret package

As I mentioned before, it is possible to first apply a Box-Cox transformation to correct for skewness, center and scale each variable and then apply PCA in one call to the preProcess function of the caret package.

require(caret)trans = preProcess(iris[,1:4], method=c("BoxCox", "center", "scale", "pca"))PC = predict(trans, iris[,1:4])

By default, the function keeps only the PCs that are necessary to explain at least 95% of the variability in the data, but this can be changed through the argument thresh.

# Retained PCshead(PC, 3) PC1 PC21 -2.303540 -0.47482602 -2.151310 0.64829033 -2.461341 0.3463921# Loadingstrans$rotation PC1 PC2Sepal.Length 0.5202351 -0.38632246Sepal.Width -0.2720448 -0.92031253Petal.Length 0.5775402 -0.04885509Petal.Width 0.5672693 -0.03732262

See Unsupervised data pre-processing for predictive modeling for an introduction of the preProcess function.

References:

[1] Venables, W. N., Brian D. R. Modern applied statistics with S-PLUS. Springer-verlag. (Section 11.1)
[2] Box, G. and Cox, D. (1964). An analysis of transformations. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological) 211-252

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